UNIX Tutorial Two

2.1 Copying Files

cp (copy)

cp file1 file2 is the command which makes a copy of file1 in the current working directory and calls it file2

What we are going to do now, is to take a file stored in an open access area of the file system, and use the cp command to copy it to your groupwork directory.

First, cd to your groupwork directory.

% cd ~/groupwork

Then at the UNIX prompt, type,

% cp /usr/local/text/science.txt .

(Note: Don't forget the dot (.) at the end. Remember, in UNIX, the dot means the current directory.)

The above command means copy the file science.txt to the current directory, keeping the name the same.

(Note: The directory /usr/local/text/ is an area to which everyone in the geophysics course has read and copy access. If you cannot access the file, you can grab a copy of the file here. Use 'File/Save As..' from the menu bar to save it into your groupwork directory.)

Exercise 2a

Create a backup of your science.txt file by copying it to a file called science.bak

2.2 Moving files

mv (move)

mv file1 file2 moves (or renames) file1 to file2

To move a file from one place to another, use the mv command. This has the effect of moving rather than copying the file, so you end up with only one file rather than two.

It can also be used to rename a file, by moving the file to the same directory, but giving it a different name.

We are now going to move the file science.txt to your act1 directory.

First, change directories to your groupwork directory (can you remember how?). Then, inside the groupwork directory, type

% mv science.txt act1/.

Type ls and ls act1 to see if it has worked.

Exercise 2b

Now go ahead and move the science.bak file into your act1 directory too. We will try to keep the files together for your first group activity.

2.3 Removing files and directories

rm (remove), rmdir (remove directory)

To delete (remove) a file, use the rm command. As an example, we are going to create a copy of the science.txt file then delete it.

Inside your groupwork directory, type

% cp act1/science.txt tempfile.txt
% ls (to check if it has created the file)
% rm tempfile.txt (answer y when prompted that you do want to remove it)
% ls (to check if it has deleted the file)

Note: We have to be careful when using the remove command because there is no Recycle Bin in UNIX. When you remove a file, it is gone for good. This is why it will ask you if you really want to remove a file before it actually deletes it. Always think twice before removing something.

You can use the rmdir command to remove a directory (make sure it is empty first). Try to remove the act1 directory. You will not be able to since UNIX will not let you remove a non-empty directory.

Exercise 2c

Create a directory called tempstuff using mkdir , then remove it using the rmdir command.

2.4 Displaying the contents of a file on the screen

clear (clear screen)

Before you start the next section, you may like to clear the terminal window of the previous commands so the output of the following commands can be clearly understood.

At the prompt, type

% clear

This will clear all text and leave you with the % prompt at the top of the window.

cat (concatenate)

The command cat can be used to display the contents of a file on the screen. Inside your act1 directory, type:

% cat science.txt

As you can see, the file is longer than than the size of the window, so it scrolls past making it unreadable.

more

The command more writes the contents of a file onto the screen a page at a time. Type

% more science.txt

Press the [space-bar] if you want to see another page, type [q] if you want to quit reading. As you can see, more is used in preference to cat for long files.

head

The head command writes the first ten lines of a file to the screen.

First clear the screen then type

% head science.txt

Then type

% head -5 science.txt

What difference did the -5 do to the head command?

tail

The tail command writes the last ten lines of a file to the screen.

Clear the screen and type

% tail science.txt

How can you view the last 15 lines of the file?

2.5 Searching the contents of a file

Simple searching using more

Using more, you can search though a text file for a keyword (pattern). For example, to search through science.txt for the word 'science', type

% more science.txt

then, still in more (i.e. don't press [q] to quit), type a forward slash [/] followed by the word to search

/science

As you can see, more finds and highlights the keyword. Type [n] to search for the next occurrence of the word.

grep (don't ask why it is called grep)

grep is one of many standard UNIX utilities. It searches files for specified words or patterns. First clear the screen, then type

% grep science science.txt

As you can see, grep has printed out each line containg the word science.

Or has it????

Try typing

% grep Science science.txt

The grep command is case sensitive; it distinguishes between Science and science.

To ignore upper/lower case distinctions, use the -i option, i.e. type

% grep -i science science.txt

To search for a phrase or pattern, you must enclose it in single quotes (the apostrophe symbol). For example to search for spinning top, type

% grep -i 'spinning top' science.txt

Some of the other options of grep are:

-v display those lines that do NOT match
-n precede each maching line with the line number
-c print only the total count of matched lines

Try some of them and see the different results. Don't forget, you can use more than one option at a time, for example, the number of lines without the words science or Science is

% grep -ivc science science.txt

wc (word count)

A handy little utility is the wc command, short for word count. To do a word count on science.txt, type

% wc -w science.txt

To find out how many lines the file has, type

% wc -l science.txt

Summary

M.Stonebank@surrey.ac.uk, © 9th October 2000; Revised brudzimr@muohio.edu, 19th August 2006